The office staff was extremely polite, friendly and courteous. Many patients cannot do the activities they wish to do because of their pain and the impact on their quality of life. Our spine surgeons are technically versatile in all aspects of decompression surgery as well as reconstruction of the spine. My limitations are zero, my back feels brand new. Dr. Stanley Bazarek is a neurosurgeon in Boston, MA, and has been in practice between 510 years. Adding a business to Yelp is always free. Fogel HA, Patel A, Singh, K. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Use in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion. We are dedicated to working with our referring physicians. Dr. Tannoury believes BMC is a leader in minimally invasive surgery. Some popular services for spine surgeons include: What are people saying about spine surgeons in Boston, MA? Vietnam Vet Willie Murphy is a 'New Man' After Sciatica Surgery at Mass General. When appropriate, our team may refer you to colleagues in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation or the Pain Center to ensure that you have maximized medical and physical therapies to treat your condition. We use cookies and other tools to enhance your experience on our website and to analyze our web traffic. We are a diverse faculty of senior clinician-scientists, consisting of spine neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, neurologist pain specialists, radiation experts, and . Your health and safety remain our top priority: . American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Spinal Cord Blood Supply and Its Surgical Implications, The use of Autologous Free Vascularized Fibula Grafts in Reconstruction of the Mobile Spine Following Tumor Resection: Surgical Technique and Outcomes. BMC surgeons team up with colleagues from other disciplines through all phases of their patients care, like emergency and trauma physicians, radiologists and physical and occupational therapists. Fallon Medicare Advantage, Family Medicine, Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery (60) 23 years . Refer a Patient. Recovering from an injury or learning to live with a physical disability or limitation can be challenging. 2022 New England Baptist Hospital all rights reserved. Orthopaedic Spine Service at Newton-Wellesley Hospital . Brain & Spinal Tumor, Neurosurgical Spine Surgery, Pain. Finding top-rated Spinal Orthopedic Surgeons near you is simple on WebMD Care. Best Spine Surgeons near me in Boston, Massachusetts Sort:Recommended Price Open: Now 1. Check reviews, hours, insurance options, & book your appointment today. What did people search for similar to spine surgeons in Boston, MA? Firsthealth, Please enter a valid 5-digit Zip Code. He explained everything to me in detail and eased all my worries. BC Medicare Advantage HMO, Our spine care surgeons work with specialists in physical medicine, pain medicine and . Surgery is the best option for avery small percentageof patients with spine conditions. Commonwealth Care Alliance-One Care, Blue Cross/Blue Shield Indemnity, The Department of Radiology at Boston Medical Center is a full-service, academic medical imaging department that performs over 350,000 screening, diagnostic, and interventional procedures annually for Boston Medical Center, their affiliated health centers, and the community. . Dr. Joshua Aronson is a neurosurgeon in Boston, MA, and has been in practice between 1020 years. Let us help you navigate your in-person or virtual visit to Mass General. We know to use heating pads, OTC meds, and stretches to help it resolve. We offer diagnosis and treatment in over 70 specialties and subspecialties, as well as programs, services, and support to help you stay well throughout your lifetime. Our spine team sees patients at these locations: Mass General - Boston 55 Fruit Street Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 3A Boston, MA 02114 Orthopaedics at Mass General Waltham 52 Second Avenue Building 52, 1st Floor, Suite 1150 Waltham, MA 02451 Newton-Wellesley Spine Center 159 Wells Avenue Newton, MA 02459 Dr. Carl B. Heilman has served as the President of the North American Skull Base Surgery Society, the Boston Society of Neurology and Psychiatry, the Society of University Neurosurgeons, and the New England Neurosurgical Society. Every day I tried to walk a little more. Tumors that come from the bone can cause pain and symptoms of nerve or spinal cord compression if the tumor has grown outside the spinal vertebrae. Depending on the tumor type, this may involve surgery, radiation, medical therapy, or a combination of each. Privacy Policy|Advertising Policy|Privacy Preferences Center|Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Dr Hellman is very compassionate. SEARCH . You can also keep an eye out for the awards icon on search pages or the Awards card on physician profiles that indicate Preferred Provider award winners and physicians on staff at WebMD Patient Choice award-winning hospitals. Thank you so much Dr Riesenburger. Spinal Fusion is a surgical procedure used to improve stability or reduce pain in the lower back portion of spine by permanently . The General Hospital Corporation. About This Program . Ready to get started? . . Finding top-rated doctors who perform Endoscopic spine surgery near you is simple on WebMD Care. This includes nerve and spinal cord compression syndromes, peripheral nerve entrapment, intradural spine and nerve sheath tumors, tumors affecting the spinal column and scoliotic deformities of the spine. Neurosurgical Spine Surgery, Skull Base. Our surgeons are also international leaders in clinical and basic science research, advancing the field through molecular research as well as clinical trials, biobanking, and registry studies. Regardless of where you are in your care journey, we are here for you, both in person and virtually. Patients travel from around the world to seek specialty surgical care with our experts. The multi-arm design, Expertise in Motion, New England Baptist, New England Baptist Hospital and Your Orthopedic Hospital are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of New England Baptist Hospital in the United States. 350 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139. Dr. Naif Alotaibi is a neurosurgeon in Boston, MA, and has been in practice between 1020 years. Call for assistance with the referral process Boston, MA 02114 Phone: 617-724-8636. Dr. Frank Finson Rand, MD Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery 57 43 Years Experience 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 4.55 miles Dr. Rand graduated from the David Geffen School. Learn how to keep your family healthy this winter. Shapiro Clinical Center, 2nd floor 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215 Phone: 617-754-9000 World-Class Spine Treatment in Boston The Spine Center at BIDMC offers a unique combined leadership from a neurosurgeon, orthopedic surgeon and pain medicine specialist. Learn more about spine conditions and spine care, as well as important information that will help you prepare for and recover from spine procedures. Learn about career opportunities, search for positions and apply for a job. He told me you cannot hurt my surgery, she says. Get the latest news, explore events and connect with Mass General. All rights reserved. At Mass General, the care for patients with primary spinal column tumors such as chordoma and sarcomas is multidisciplinary and emphasizes a team-based approach, drawing upon the vast expertise of specialists in bone and spine oncology. . Our spine neurosurgeons have expertise in complex spinal tumor resection and reconstruction surgery from the base of the skull to the sacrum and are leaders in the field. . Neurosurgeons treat disorders of the brain and nervous system, meninges, skull, pituitary gland, spinal cord, meninges and vertebral column, and cranial and spinal nerves. Contemporary Spine Surgery. If you need a great foot doctor, go see Dr. Bergman, you won't be disappointed!". Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery, Neurology, Neurological Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery, Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery, Neurological Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Surgery, Adult Reconstructive Orthopedic Surgery. Brigham and Women's spine care includes multidisciplinary treatment for spine conditions due to back pain, disease or injury, including disc herniation, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, spinal and nerve tumors and spinal deformity/scoliosis. The NEBH approach to treating back, neck, and spine pain is based on decades of researching new therapies and patient outcomes. Frank X Pedlow Jr., M.D. Get the latest news on COVID-19, the vaccine and care at Mass General. 55 Fruit St Yaw 6 Pediatric Neurology. There are many different types of tumors that involve the spinal cord, nerves, and vertebrae and each requires a different diagnostic workup and evaluation. 90% of the patients who receive treatment at our Spine Center do not need surgery. Most of the time, these are detected on MRI or CT imaging because of ongoing pain, numbness or weakness. He is the best surgeon for a brain tumor you will find ANYWHERE! Dr. Tracy Ansay is a neurosurgeon in South Weymouth, MA, and has been in practice between 1020 years. BEST RATED BOSTON, MA NEUROSURGEONS Call Contact CHRISTOPHER S. OGILVY, MD - BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215 Since 1991 Dr. Christopher S. Ogilvy earned his medical degree from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and finished his internship at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia Campus. Dr. Ron I. Riesenburger graduated from Tufts University School of Medicine and has been in practice for over 18 years. With minimally invasive procedures, patients have less pain, a faster recovery and a much lower risk of developing infections. He really cares. At Boston Medical Center, research efforts are imperative in allowing us to provide our patients with quality care. Any user who relies on translated content does so at his/her own risk. Newton Wellesley Interventional Spine Spine Surgeons Downtown This is a placeholder 3. Learn more about our surgical optimization program, which will help you plan and prepare for your upcoming procedure. Search List Your Practice BROWSE . The Neurosurgery Spine Program at Massachusetts General Hospital offers surgical treatment options for the entire spectrum of complex spinal disorders, treating the most challenging cases in the world. Our neurosurgeons have expertise in surgery for intradural tumors such as meningioma, schwannoma, astrocytoma, hemangioblastoma. 80% of Americans experience back pain at one time or another; it is the second-most common reason for doctor visits. 2013 Oct; 14 (10):1-8 . List Your Practice . Minimally invasive surgery takes care of the problem without violating other normal structures, says Dr. Tannoury. He saved my life 18 months ago from a ruptured aneurysm. Make an appointment by phone View Full Profile for Jason M. Frerich, MD, MPH. The goal of the department is to provide every patient with timely access to the most sophisticated medical imaging technology in a compassionate setting and to quickly deliver accurate electronic medical reports to referring physicians. As a rule, we try to avoid surgery. Please try later. Learn about career opportunities, search for positions and apply for a job. However, Dr Ogilvy explained every option and every aspect of the procedure so thoroughly that I had great confidence in the likelihood of the best possible outcome. Compare hospital ratings for back surgery (spinal fusion). Neurosurgery Spine surgeons at Mass General perform surgeries on the full range of degenerative, traumatic, oncologic, vascular and congenital conditions of the spine. to analyze our web traffic. That was reassuring., Chris, the Somerville police officer, is very happy he had surgery with Dr. Tannoury. Thank You! We have remained at the forefront of medicine by fostering a culture of collaboration, pushing the boundaries of medical research, educating the brightest medical minds and maintaining an unwavering commitment to the diverse communities we serve. Learn the common causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Help Millions of people find the right doctor and care they need, Get immediate care and visit with providers from the comfort of your home, or anywhere, Urgent care centers can be faster and cheaper for situations that are not life threatening, Doctors and patients discuss the latest medical treatments and health tips, Search prescription drugs for why theyre used, side effects and more, Back and Neck Surgery (Except Spinal Fusion). collected, please refer to our Privacy Policy. to analyze our web traffic. Neurosurgery Spine surgeons at Mass General perform surgeries on the full range of degenerative, traumatic, oncologic, vascular and congenital conditions of the spine. Dr. Omar Arnaout is a neurosurgeon in Boston, MA, and has been in practice between 1020 years. Brain & Spinal Tumor, Pituitary Surgery, Skull Base. Both neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons can offer expert spinal surgery. Dr. Carl B. Heilman accepts new patients and virtual appointments. COVID-19 Update on Office Procedures Copyright 2023 Healthgrades Marketplace, LLC, Patent US Nos. Dr. Frank X. Pedlow Jr.specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of surgical conditions of the adult spine. Boston, MA 02215 . He specializes in surgery for skull base tumors, meningiomas, pituitary tumors, schwannomas, and Chiari 1 malformations. I believe this Invue Max cervical plate is the best for multilevel anterior cervical Kingsley R. Chin, M.D. 10. Dr. Shapur Ameri is a neurosurgeon in Winchester, MA, and has been in practice more than 20 years. Spinal fusion is often used to treat degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis. We offer diagnostic and treatment options for common and complex medical conditions. The care and follow up I received from this team was extraordinary. 11. Common non-surgical treatments including pain-relieving procedures, thoughtful use of medications, and physical therapy are available through our Spine Center. Best Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan Companies 2023. . For more information about these cookies and the data collected, please refer to our web privacy statement. Bobby wanted relief from spinal stenosis. It being Labor Day weekend I had to wait until the office opened on Tuesday, September 8. These facilities offer experienced, comprehensive inpatient spine surgery services, including discectomy, fusion and decompression procedures. Integrated Health Plan, Medicaid, Multiplan/PHCS, Senior Whole Health & Medicare Revali, Aetna, Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island, BMC HealthNet, Cigna, Commonwealth Care Alliance, Community Health Options- ME and NH, Coventry, Fallon Health, First Health, Health New England, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Humana Military- Tricare East Region, Veterans Health Administration (VHA), Senior Whole Health, MassHealth, Tufts Health Plan, Medicare, MultiPlan, Inc./PHCS, Tricare, Unicare & United Healthcare, Intracranial and Spinal Arteriovenous Defects and Aneurysms, Extracranial Atherosclerotic Disease, Moya-Moya Difficulties, Acute Stroke (Thrombolysis), Brain Hemorrhage, Cavernous & Other Brain Vascular Malformations, Complex and Reconstructive Spine Surgeries, Minimally Invasive Spine, Spinal Deformity and Scoliosis, Minimal Access Lumbar Fusion, Optimizing Pain Control, Osteoporotic Compression Fractures, Degenerative Spine Disease, Herniated Discs, Stenosis & Fractured Vertebrae Defects, Brain Tumor, Brain Trauma, Gamma Knife, Brachial Plexus, Epilepsy, Complex Brain and Spine, Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Neurosurgery, Cerebral Gliomas, Molecular, Vascular Compression Syndromes in the Brain & Craniovertebral Junctions. Don wanted to get back to a pain-free life. Stephen J. Parazin, MD. For an individual case, several different surgical specialists may work together to ensure the best possible outcome. As such, many patients give up on the hope of returning to their favored activities due to failure to improve despite physical and medical therapies. 75 Francis Street, Boston MA 02115 617 . Dr. Carl B. Heilman is a chief neurosurgeon at Tufts Medical Center, and He is a professor and the chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery. Physicians & Surgeons, Neurology Physicians & Surgeons, Pediatrics-Neurology Physicians & Surgeons. Dr. When it doesnt go away on its own, Posted on December 4, 2020December 4, 2020 by fpedlow in Spine Surgery, 30-32 Lancaster Street, 2nd Floor Boston, MA 02114 Phone: (617) 227-9300 Hours: 9:00am to 5:00pm, Copyright 2023 Frank X. Pedlow Jr., MD | Boston Spine Surgeon Website Design and Digital Marketing by practis | Search, New England Baptist Hospital ranks among top hospitals in the US for orthopedics. We want to ensure that we balance our adherence with state and national recommendations regarding social distancing with addressing the medical needs of our patients. 2023 Boston Medical Center. If you're looking to schedule a video appointment instead of seeing a doctor in person, doctors who meet with patients online will have a "Virtual Visit" button at the top of their WebMD Care profile page. Sometimes we know what led to our latest backache, but other times its a mystery. Expert Orthopedic Surgeon, Frank X. Pedlow, MD, to be Recognized as a 2017 Top Doctor in Boston, Massachusetts Frank X. Pedlow, MD, Orthopedic Surgeon currently serving patients within his own private practice, and affiliated with Massachusetts General Hospital and St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, has been named a 2017 Top Doctor in Boston, Massachusetts. Patients who undergo minimally invasive surgery typically have less pain, can start therapy sooner and progress more quickly through the course of treatment. Best Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC), Best Medicare Advantage Plan Companies 2023, Best Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan Companies 2023. The physician on duty recommended orthopedics New England (hopkinton location) and I am so glad she did. He did his fellowship at Cleveland Clinic Foundation and specializes in all aspects of spine surgery after completing a neurosurgery residency at Tufts Medical Center. Dr. Alvin H. Crawford About the surgeon: Dr. Crawford earned his medical degree at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine. We are committed to providing the care you needand we are taking unprecedented steps to keep you safe. Our Spine Specialists. Often, the best spine treatment is not surgery. Our spine neurosurgeons are international thought leaders in the treatment and management of spinal tumors and offer highly specialized treatments for resection. For Robert, and many patients like him, surgery was the final option, and he ultimately found his way to Tony Tannoury, MD, an orthopedic spine surgeon at Boston Medical Center. Dr. Christopher S. Ogilvy earned his medical degree from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and finished his internship at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia Campus. Our specialists work with you to determine the best treatment option(s) for your back or neck condition. Proper functioning of this core system is critical to many activities of daily living. If you suffer from neck or back pain, our multi-specialty team will work with you to develop the best treatment plan so that you can participate in your favorite activities again. MD is a health care provider primarily located in Boston, MA, with other offices in Fort Myers, FL and Atlanta, GA(and 5 other locations). General Neurosurgery, Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Spine Surgery, Skull Base. Our care team, including our physiatry, orthopedic, and neurology specialists, has the focused expertise to help you return to the activities you love. Learn more >. Find the Best Spinal Orthopedic Surgeons in Boston. Find the latest news and information about Mass General's response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Actions such as turning, bending, standing and lifting cannot be easily accomplished when you are experiencing pain in this area. When cancer affects the spine, surgery alone is usually not the only intervention required and the timing of treatments like radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy need to be planned and coordinated. Request an appointment. Fax #: 617-636-7587. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Robert was in excruciating pain. My daughter was 16 with condrosarcoma. Mass General is the #1 hospital in New England based U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals for 2022-2023. After you've searched for doctors by specialty, click the "Insurance" option in the search filter and then select your specific insurance provider. Verified bythe American College of Surgeons as a Level I adult trauma center, BMC provides the highest level of care to patients with serious, life-threatening injuries. Fallon Commercial, The location you tried did not return a result. Learn the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Call or go online today. Our neurosurgery spine surgeons take into account all aspects of your health, spine, and function to tailor and present specific individualized treatment options for you. In these situations, our spine neurosurgeons collaborate with specialists in Neuro-Oncology and Medical Oncology to provide multi-disciplinary care. Dr. Christopher has been in practice for over 26 years and is an expert in performing endovascular, operative neurovascular, brain aneurysm, brain trauma, and cavernous malformations (brain and spinal cord). Dr. Olusola Akenroye is a neurosurgeon in Burlington, MA, and has been in practice between 1020 years. Spinal Fusion, a spine surgery in which the discs between two or more vertebra are removed and the adjacent vertebra are fused together to limit back pain and provide stability to the spine. 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02215 . Find a doctor - doctor reviews and ratings . I went to the urgent care and was given a list of orthopedic surgeons. Brain & Spinal Tumor, Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery. Boston Spine Clinics Medical Centers Physicians & Surgeons, Internal Medicine Physicians & Surgeons, Obstetrics And Gynecology Website (617) 929-1776 560 Columbia Rd Dorchester, MA 02125 CLOSED NOW 13. He is in-network for Aetna, Cigna, and United Healthcare as well as Harvard Pilgrim and Tufts. Copyright 20042023 Yelp Inc. Yelp, , and related marks are registered trademarks of Yelp. I was very impressed that the doctor who was going to operate on my back designed the device he would use to repair it, he remembers. We utilize the latest in surgical technology to perform microsurgery for the most difficult spinal cord and nerve compression syndromes. From diagnosis to the development of a treatment plan to postoperative care, we balance the advantages of cutting-edge technology, such as disk replacement and minimally invasive techniques, with more well-known, standard open procedures to develop a treatment plan that is specifically tailored to each individual patient. Step-by-step guidance: our spine team, spine anatomy, preparing for surgery and more. Based on the findings, an initial diagnosis will be made. Copyright 2007-2023. We are committed to providing expert caresafely and effectively. Boston, MA 02118 Thank you Dr Heilman. The practice was founded over 30 years ago by renowned surgeon Alexander "Bink" Wright. MBA Spine Surgeon p LinkedIn: #cervical #spine #technology #best #surgeon #design #brand #engineers Amazing Dr. and staff. Walk-ins are welcome or reserve your spot online. Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare1, Doctors Home Neurosurgeons in Boston, MA Neurosurgeons treat disorders of the brain and nervous system, meninges, skull, pituitary gland, spinal cord, meninges and vertebral column, and. Dr. Stephen J. Parazin is an orthopedic surgeon at New England Baptist Hospital (NEBH). Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 3A. Request an Appointment. Discover a orthopedic surgeon near you for joint. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. In addition, look for the Patient's Perspective boxes and callouts that tell you what other patients liked about the doctor. We all get aches and pains occasionally. Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Billing, Insurance & Financial Assistance, Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), Spine deformities related to Marfan syndrome and related conditions. Hospitals: Massachusetts General Hospital. We use cookies and other tools to enhance your experience on our website and Amazing Dr. and staff. Dr. Ron I. Riesenburger accepts new patients and virtual appointments. . After a successful prior surgery, Willie decided to return to Massachusetts General Hospital for an evaluation and care. This includes using sophisticated surgical planning computer software, predictive analytics, intra-operative CT imaging and computer-based spinal navigation. Dr. Christopher currently practices at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, which is dedicated to delivering comprehensive, well-coordinated, and compassionate care for its clients' best possible outcome. Saris has been a neurosurgeon since the late 1970s and has endeavored to become the best neurosurgeon he can be in that time. We are dedicated to improving pain and quality of life for those affected by cancer. 02114, Our dedicated surgeons, nurses and staff are committed to providing the best possible care. Your review has been sent successfully. Brain & Spinal Tumor, Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Skull Base. Dr. Carl completed his internship and residency at Tufts-New England Medical Center. our surgeons may lead and assemble a team of surgeons to ensure the best possible outcome for . This can be especially useful during complex or minimally invasive procedures. 830 Boylston Street. Fax: 617-726-7587. The Best Spine Surgeons near me in Boston, Massachusetts. Vicky wanted to get back to her active life. 2022 New England Baptist Hospital all rights reserved. Book with MyChart, Hours of Operation: Monday - Friday: 7:30 AM - 4:30PM. But, he remembers, The pain just wouldnt go away. I would HIGHLY recommend Dr. Riesenberger if you are considering spine surgery. Scoliosis and deformities of the spine can cause serious pain and disability affecting the way you stand and walk. Challenging cases are reviewed in a weekly conference and our team utilizes all the advanced resources Mass General has to offer to treat these tumors, including reconstructive surgery and proton beam radiation therapy. Visit My Website. Each of our spine neurosurgeons has specific expertise with the various tumors and we will help connect you with one of our world class surgeons. Making spine surgery easy Learn more about Barbara's care. Learn about the many ways you can get involved and support Mass General. Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Billing, Insurance & Financial Assistance, Mass General/North Shore Center for Outpatient Care. Thank you! 2022 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Metastatic spinal tumors are tumors that spread to the spine from cancer that has affected other organs in the body, such as breast, lung, and prostate. Orthopaedic Spine Center. Dr. Ron Alterman is a neurosurgeon in Boston, MA, and has been in practice more than 20 years. Learn about the many ways you can get involved and support Mass General. #1 hospital in New England based on U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals for 2022-2023 . 4. We want to get you back to doing the things you love. These tumors may cause pain, weakness, numbness, and in severe cases affect the ability to stand, walk, or use the arms or legs.

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